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8.5 Types of digestive tracts / nature of bowels

कोष्ठ: क्रूरो मृदुर्मध्यो मध्य: स्यात्तै: समैरपि ।
koṣṭha: krūro mṛdurmadhyo madhya: syāttai: samairapi |

There are three types of digestive tracts (Koshta)
Kroora Koshta – wherein the person will take long time for digestion. The bowel evacuation will be irregular. It is influenced by Vata.
Mrudu Koshta – Sensitive stomach, has a very short digestion period. Even administration of milk will cause bowel evacuation.
Madhya Koshta – Proper digestive tract, bowel evacuation at appropriate times. It is influenced by Tridosha balance.

9-10 Types of Prakruti – Body Types
शुक्रार्तवस्थै: जन्मादौ विषेणैव विषकृमे: ॥ तैश्च तिस्र: प्रकृतयो हीनमध्योत्तमा: पृथक् ।
समधातु: समस्तासु श्रेष्ठा निन्द्या द्विदोषजा ॥

śukrārtavasthai: janmādau viṣeṇaiva viṣakṛme: || taiśca tisra: prakṛtayo hīnamadhyottamā: pṛthak |
samadhātu: samastāsu śreṣṭhā nindyā dvidoṣajā ||

Like the poison is natural and inherent to poisonous insects, similarly, the Prakruti (body type) is inherent to humans. The body type is decided during conception, based on qualities of sperm and ovum.
Vata prakruti – Vata body type is considered as low quality
Pitta Prakruti – Pitta body type is considered as moderate quality
Kapha body type is considered good quality.
Tridosha body type – influenced equally by Vata, Pitta and Kapha is considered the best quality.
Dual body types, Like Vata-Pitta, Pitta-Kapha, Vata-Kapha body types are considered as not good.
(The features of each of these body types are explained in further chapters, which we will cover later.)

10.5 Qualities of Vata
तत्र रूक्षो लघु: शीत: खर: सूक्ष्मश्चलोऽनिल: ॥
tatra rūkṣo laghu: śīta: khara: sūkṣmaścalo’nila: ||

Rooksha – dryness (kering) for example ...............

, Laghu – Lightness (ringan) for examples cotton (kapas), needle (jarum), threat (benang)

, Sheeta – coldness (dingin) for example like ice, natural water, snow, rain, revigerator

 Khara – roughness (kasar) for example like grated coconut, sandpapper, clothbrush,

 Sookshma – minuteness (stabil, kecil) for example gravitation

Chala – movement (bergerak, tidak stabil)

 These are the qualities of Vata.

11. Qualities of Pitta
पित्तं सस्नेह तीक्ष्णोष्णं लघु विस्रं सरं द्रवम् ।
pittaṃ sasneha tīkṣṇoṣṇaṃ laghu visraṃ saraṃ dravam |

Sasneha – slightly oily, unctuous (sedikit minyak)

 Teekshna – piercing, entering into deep tissues

Ushna – hotness (panas)

Laghu – lightness (ringan)

Visram – bad smell ()

sara – having fluidity, movement,

drava – liquidity (cair)

are the qualities of Pitta.

12. Qualities of Kapha
स्निग्ध: शीतो गुरुर्मन्द: श्लक्ष्णो मृत्स्न: स्थिर: कफ: ॥
snigdha: śīto gururmanda: ślakṣṇo mṛtsna: sthira: kapha: ||

Snigdhna – oily, unctuous (sedikit minyak)

Sheeta – cold (dingin)

Guru – heavy (berat)

Manda – mild, viscous, slow (lambat)

shlakshna – smooth, clear (halus)

Mrutsna – slimy, jely,

sthira – stability, immobility (stabil)

are the qualities of Kapha.

The increase, decrease of individual Doshas, or imbalance of couple of these Doshas is called as Samsarga And imbalance of all the three Doshas together is called as Sannipata.

Related - understand Tridosha by means of qualities

13. Body tissues and waste products
रस असृक् मांस मेदो अस्थि मज्ज शुक्राणि धातव: । सप्त दूष्या: मला: मूत्र शकृत् स्वेदादयोऽपि च ॥
rasa asṛk māṃsa medo asthi majja śukrāṇi dhātava: | sapta dūṣyā: malā: mūtra śakṛt svedādayo’pi ca ||

Body tissues and waste products are called as Dushyas. Means, there are influenced, and affected by Doshas. Body tissues are -

·         Rasa - the first product of digestion, Soon after digestion of food, the digested food turns into Rasa. It is grossly compared to lymph or plasma. But it is not a complete comparison.

·         Rakta – Also called as Asruk. – Blood

·         Mamsa – Muscle

·         Meda - Fat tissue

·         Asthi - Bones and cartilages

·         Majja - Bone marrow

·         Shukra – Semen / Ovum or entire male and female genital tract and its secretions are grossly covered under this heading.

Mala – waste products
Shakrut / Pureesha – (faeces), Sweda (sweat) and Mootra (urine) are the three waste products of the body.

13.5 Nature of increase and decrease

वृद्धि: समानै: सर्वेषां विपरीतै: विपर्यय: ।
vṛddhi: samānai: sarveṣāṃ viparītai: viparyaya: |

vṛddhi ( increase) of all of them (doshas, dathus and malas)

Equal qualities lead to increase, and opposing qualities lead to decrease. For example, dryness is the quality of Vata. If a Vata body type person exposes himself to dry cold weather, his dryness and in turn Vata will increase, leading to dry skin. In the same way, oilyness is opposite quality of dryness. If he applies oil to the skin, then the dryness and related Vata is decreased.

13.5 Six tastes

Svadu – Madhura – sweet, Amla – Sour, Lavana – Salt, Tikta – Bitter, Ushna – Katu – Pungent Kashaya – Astringent are the six types of Rasa.
They are successively lower in energy. That means, Sweet taste imparts maximum energy to body and the astringent, the least.

14. Effect of tastes on Tridosha

तत्राद्या मारुतं घ्नन्ति त्रय: तिक्तादय: कफम् । कषाय तिक्त मधुरा: पित्तमन्ये तु कुर्वते ॥
tatrādyā mārutaṃ ghnanti traya: tiktādaya: kapham | kaṣāya tikta madhurā: pittamanye tu kurvate ||

In the list of tastes, the first three, i.e. Sweet, sour and salt mitigates Vata and increases Kapha. The last three, i.e. bitter, pungent and astringent tastes mitigates Kapha and increases Vata Astringent, bitter and sweet taste mitigates Pitta. Sour, salt and pungent tastes increase Pitta. We can look from the this table:

Taste	Three Dosa
	KAPHA	VATA	PITTAM
Madhura, Svadu (sweet) manis	↑	↓	↓
Amla (sour) asam	↑	↓	↑
Lavana (salt) asin	↑	↓	↑
Katu, Ushna (pungent) panas, pedas	↓	↑	↑
Tikta (bitter) pahit	↓	↑	↓
Kashaya (astringent) sepat	↓	↑	↓

Types of food substances: 
Shamana – Food that brings down the increased Dosha to normalcy
Kopana – Food that increases the lowered Dosha to normalcy
Swasthahita - Food that maintains the normalcy of Tridosha and health.

Types of Potency (Veerya)
Ushna veerya (Hot potency) -
Some food items are hot in nature. For example pepper
Sheeta veerya (cold potency) - Some food items are cold in nature. For example milk. These are the two types of potencies. Generally, substances that have Astringent, bitter and sweet tastes are coolant in nature and Sour, salt and pungent tastes are hot in nature.

Three types of Vipaka
Vipaka refers to conversion of taste after initial phase of digestion.
Madhura Vipaka (sweet) – Generally, Sweet, and salt tastes undergo this Vipaka.
Amla Vipaka (Sour) – Sour taste undergoes this Vipaka
Katu Vipaka – rest of the tastes – Bitter, astringent and pungent tastes undergo this Vipaka.

18. – Twenty types of qualities

गुरु मन्द हिम स्निग्ध श्लक्ष्ण सान्द्र मृदु स्थिरा: । गुणा: ससूक्ष्म विशदा: विंशति: स विपर्यया: ॥
guru manda hima snigdha ślakṣṇa sāndra mṛdu sthirā: |  guṇā: sasūkṣma viśadā: viṃśati: sa viparyayā: ||

Guru(heavy) X laghu (light in weight)
Manda(slow) X tiksna(quick,fast)
Hima (cold) X ushna (hot)
Snighda (unctuous) X ruksa (dry)
Slaksna (smooth) X khara (rough)
Sandra (solid) X drava (liquid)
Mrdu (soft) X kathina (hard)
Sthira (stable) X cala (moving, unstable)
Suksma (stable, small) X sthula (big,gross)
Vishada (non slimy) X picchila (slimy)

Guru (berat) X laghu (ringan)

Manda (lambat) X tiksna (cepat, cepat)

Hima (dingin) X Ushna (panas)

Snighda (bermanis-manis) X Ruksa (kering)

Slaksna (halus) X Kara (kasar)

Sandra (padat) X Drava (cair)

Mrdu (lembut) X Kathina (keras)

Sthira (stabil) X cala (bergerak, tidak stabil)

Suksma (stabil, kecil) X sthula (besar, gross)

Vishada (non berlendir) X picchila (berlendir)

19. Cause for health and disease:
कालार्थकर्मणां योगो हीनमिथ्यातिमात्रक: । सम्यग्योगश्च विज्ञेयो रोगारोग्यैक कारणम् ॥
kālārthakarmaṇāṃ yogo hīnamithyātimātraka: | samyagyogaśca vijñeyo rogārogyaika kāraṇam ||

Less, more or wrong unison of time, senses and functions is the reason for disease and the right unison of these three factors is the reason for health.  (Explained detail in further chapters).

20. Definition of health and disease

रोगस्तु दोषवैषम्यं दोष साम्यं अरोगता । rogastu doṣavaiṣamyaṃ doṣa sāmyaṃ arogatā |
Imbalance in Tridosha is disease. Perfect balance is health.

21. Types of disease: 
Nija roga – Disease caused due to imbalance in internal factors. For example, eating excessive hot substances, leading to gastritis.
Agantu Roga - Disease caused due to external factors. Such as injuries. Both these types of disease can occur to body and mind.

21. Types of mental Doshas - 

Rajas – quality of mind, that drives us to take actions,
Tamas – that leads to inaction and lethargy

22. How to test patient? 
Darshana – by means of inspection, observation.
Sparshana - by means of touching
Prashna – by means of asking

23. Examination of disease: 
Disease should be examined by its
Nidana -causes, aetiology,
Pragrupa – Purvarupa –  prodromal symptoms, premonitory  symptoms
Lakshana –  Specific  signs  and symptoms,   clinical  features
Upashayaa – diagnostic tests
Apti – Samprapti – Pathogenesis.

Types of Habitat  (Desha)

In  this  science, is  said  to  be  of  two kinds -  Bhumi desha – region of  land and Dehadesha – the body. Bhumi  desa  -  land  region  is of  three  kinds  of  viz,

Jangala  -which is  predominant  of  vata – arid  or   desert-like land with no mountains or hills, has less vegetation, poor water resourses and is more breezy.
Anupa -   which  is  predominant  of  kapha - marshy land with more of water, more vegetation , very less of sunlight and heat.
Sadharana  which  has all Tridosha in balance - moderate type with few mountains , hills, moderate water, vegetation  and sunlight.

Kinds of time: Two kinds are considered. one is normal time, another – stages of diseases.

25-26 Types of medicines: 

शोधनं शमनं चेति समासात् औषधं द्विधा ॥ शरीरजानां दोषाणां क्रमेण परमौषधम् ।
बस्ति: विरेको वमनं तथा तैल घृतं मधु: ॥

śodhanaṃ śamanaṃ ceti samāsāt auṣadhaṃ dvidhā || śarīrajānāṃ doṣāṇāṃ krameṇa paramauṣadham |
basti: vireko vamanaṃ tathā taila ghṛtaṃ madhu: ||

There are two types of medicines.
1. Shamana - Palliative treatment – which brings the Dosha to normalcy, useful in initial stages of diseases
2. Shodhana – Purification treatment – which expels imbalanced Dosha out of body. – Useful in aggravated stages of diseases.

Examples:
For Vata – Basti (suppositories) is the Shodhana treatment, and oil is Shamana treatment.
For pitta – Virechana (Purgation) is Shodhana and Ghee is Shamana.
For Kapha – Vamana (emesis) is Shodhana and Honey is Shamana.

26. Treatment for mental imbalance:
Dhee – improving intelligence
Dhairya – improving courage
Atmavijnana – Self realization are the means to treat mental imbalance.

27-29. 16 factors of treatment. -
Chikitsa Chatushpada -  Bhishag (Doctor), Dravya (medicine), Upastha (Nurse) and Rogi (patient) are the four factors in treatment. Each of these four have further four qualities.

Qualities of doctor: 

Daksha – Alert, disciplined
Shastra – Having detailed knowledge about diseases and treatment.
Drushtakarma – Having practical experience
Shuchi – Cleanliness

Qualities of medicine: 
Bahukalpa – Ability to formulate in different dosage forms, like decoction, powder, herbal oil etc
Bahuguna – Having enormous qualities
Sampanna – Endowed with virtues
Yogya  - suitable and appropriate for specific diseases.

Qualities of nurse: 
Anurakta – Compassion towards patients
Shuchi – Cleanliness
Daksha – Alert, active
Buddhiman – Intelligence

Qualities of patient
Adya - Rich 
Bhishagvashya – 100 % obedience towards doctor
Jnapaka – Good memory
Satvavaan – Having good strength to tolerate disease and treatment.

Types of diseases:
Two main types, which are further divided into two types.
Sadhya - Which can be cured. It is of two types – Easy to cure (Sukha Sadhya), Difficult to cure (Krichra Sadhya)

Asadhya - Which can not be cured. It is of two types – Yapya (medicine is required for as long as patient is alive), Anupakrama (nothing can be done. )

Qualities of diseases which can be cured easily: 

Sarvaushadha kshame dehe – The body of patient is able to tolerate all types of medicines
Yunaha – Young patient
Jitatmanaha – Patient having good control over sense organs, who follows abstinence
Amarmaga – If the disease is not affected sensitive areas like brain, heart, kidney
Alpahetu – If the cause for disease is mild
Alparoopa – Mild symptoms
Anupadrava – no complications
Atulya dushya  desha rutu prakruti – If the Dosha involved, Dhatu (body tissue) involved, Desha (place), Rutu (season) and Prakruti (body type) are not influenced by one particular Dosha,
Pada sampadi - If all the sixteen qualities of Doctor, patient etc explained above are present,
Graha anuguna - If astrology is in favour of the patient
Eka Doshaja - Disease due to only one Dosha
Eka Marga - If only one body channel is affected
Nava - Disease of recent origin / onset.

Read more here for a better explanation on this – How to make prognosis as per Ayurveda

32. qualities of difficult-to-treat diseases
Disease which require the use of sharp instruments etc. in treatment . and also those which have mixture of factors enumerated in  previous verses are krcchra sadhya (curable with difficulty ). Diseases which have features  entirely opposite  of curable  diseases, which have stayed for long period of time, involving all the  important tissues and vital organs, which have produced anxiety  (fear of death), delusion and restlessness;  which are presenting fatal signs and which causes loss of sense organs are impossible to cure. (Anupakrama ), which require no therapy, fit to be rejected, sure to cause death.

33. Patient worth rejection: 

The physician should reject the patient, who is hated by physician and the king and who hates them; who hates himself (dejected in life), who is not having the  equipments and other facilities required for treatment, who is busy with other activities, not having the required attention, leisure etc. towards the treatment, who is disobedient (to the physician), whose life is coming to an end, who is of evil mind (violent, destructive), who is afflicted with great grief, who is full of fear, who is ungrateful and who thinks himself to be a physician (in respect of deciding drug, therapies, food, activities  etc) .

List of other chapters.

End of first chapter of Sutrasthana of Ashtanga Hridayam.

Important “Word” in Ayurveda

·         Anythings in the word have Dosha, have Panca Maha Bhuta.

·         The human have Panca Maha Bhuta, and the chair also have it. But, what the diifferent from human and a chair?

·         The diferrent of human and a chair is Atma, Jiva,

·         The human is live and the chair not live....

·         Three dosha (vayu, pitta and kapha) can’t to see, but we just can to feel them.

·         Guna is property/ quality

·         Quality of something to explain something so we can understand about something

·         The example of  Vata if we see from some Guna..
we see from the slokha

वयोऽहोरात्रिभुक्तानां तेऽन्तमध्यादिगा: क्रमात् ।

vayo’horātribhuktānāṃ te’ntamadhyādigā: kramāt |

vayo = age, aho ratri= day night, and bhukta = eating

anta = end                   → vata                        → old

madya = middle          → pitta            → youth

adi = begining             → kapha          → child

about “aho ratri” = day

example:

ü  DAY                                                                           NIGHT

at 06 - 10 am is begining         →        kapha  ← at 06 - 10 pm is a begining the night

at 10 am - 03 pm is middle     →        pittam  ← at 10 pm- 03 am is a middle

at 03 pm - 06 pm is ending     →        vata     ← at 03 am – 06am is a ending the night

ü  How about EATING

Begining dominan by → Kapha                     mouth

Middle dominan by     → Pittam                     stomach

Ending dominan by     → Vata                       the residu

From some information in above, we can get some spesific word, for example the Ruksa Guna, Dry. Whe some person get the old ages, the her thin certainly so dry and so wrinkled (keriput). Then Laghu Guna (light) ringan, she /he the longer body certainly getting lighter (ringan), thinner (kurus), and smaller (kecil). The body has smaller, we can see the guna is suksma guna. Atc.

·         Panca Maha Bhuta is five bigst element and they are:

combination

1.      Space (area,room,gap)                   → Akasa

Vata Dosha

2.      Air (we just can to feel)                → Vayu

3.      Fire (something so hot)                 → Agni

  Pitta Dosha

4.       Water                                           → Ap/Jala

       Kapha Dosha

5.      Earth                                             → Prthvi

·         Tri Dosha with some guna:

VATA	PITTA	KAPHA
1. Ruksa – dry – kering 2. Laghu – light - ringan 3. Sita/Sheeta–cold-dingin 4. Khara-rough-kasar 5. Suksma-small-kecil 6. Cala – unstable-tdk stabil	1)      Sasneha/ruksa-dry-kering 2)      Tiksna-fast-cepat 3)      Laghu-light-ringan 4)      Ushna-hot-panas 5)      Visram-bad smell-bau tdk sedap 6)      Saram-free floring- bebas mengalir 7)      Drawam-liquid-cair	1.      Snigdha-unctuous-sdkit minyak 2.      Sita/hima-cold-dingin 3.      Guru-heavy-berat 4.      Manda-slow-lambat 5.      Slaksno-smooth-halus 6.      Mrtsna/stula-big-besar 7.      Stira-stable-stabil

·         When we look at the top of the column, there are some that are the same color. This is a same “Guna” but here is not the same with in order to function.
for Example: Laghu – light (ringan) oposite with Guru- heavy (berat)

Ø  Before we explain about guna in three dosha, we must explain about panca Maha Bhuta first:

Information	VATA	Heavy	PITTA	Heavy	KAPHA	Heavy
Panca Maha Bhuta	Akasa	0	Agni	0	Jala	1
	Vayu	0	Jala	1	Prthvi	1
Total	-	0	-	1	-	2

Ø   

Ø  kdhgf

·         Jfffmg

·         Chapter 2

Śisyopanayanīya Adhyāya

(initiation of The Student)

We will now expound the chapter called “Śisyopanayanīya (initiation of student)”. Thus said Ᾱtreya and other great sages (orang bijak).

A student who is devoted to serve the teacher, respect (menghormati)

Who has a keen desire (keinginan yang kuat) to study, so like to study then can get some motivation

Endowed with great intellegence (diberi kecerdasan yang besar), great intellegence to understand

Memory (ingatan) and talent (bakat), can remember

Whose face, mouth, nose and eyes are normal and pleasant to look at, - there should be not difficult word

Who is a Brahmaćarī (celibate)- tidak menikah –not maried

Who can withstand the duels (perselisihan)- so strong about some situation and condition

Who is courageous (berani)

Virtouse (dpat menyesuaikan) and steadfast (tabah),

Who has exhibited these qualities to the teacher for over six month,

Who is pure (in talk) –murni- dalam pembicaraan/berdiskusi,

Humble (or shy) in behaviour, clean, and endowed with many other good qualities should be initiated (for study) and taught till he attains mastery in the science and profesional activities. Rendah hati (atau malu) dalam perilaku, bersih, dan dilengkapi banyak kualitas baik lainnya harus dimulai (untuk studi) dan mengajar sampai ia mencapai penguasaan dalam kegiatan ilmiah dan profesional.

 Good moral, thats everything must so good like pray, be soft, not so fast but also not so slowly. Should not be negative. Have more inisiatife to study. In the life so easy to tell but so dificult to practice and everyone can do it.. so in the study must be full consentration about how the learn, what the learn,, etc.

.

Organization Of Living System

Living system can be defined from fariouse perspektives, from the broad (loking at the entire earth) to the minute (individual atoms) each perspective provides information about how or why a Living system functions:

·         At the chemical level, atoms, molecules (combinations of atoms) and the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all lliving activity is based.

·         Cells. The cells is the smallest unit of life. Cells also a part in the body. Organelles within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions. Cell themselve may be specialized. Thus, there are never cells, bone  cells, and muscle cells.

·         A tissue. A tissue is a group of similliar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example consist of muscle cells

·         An organ is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a practicular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervouse, connective and epithelial tissues. Some other example are kidney, liver, eyes, ear, skin, etc.

·         An organ system is two or more organs working togheter to acomplish a particular task. The degestive system (sistem pencernaan), for example involvels the coordinated activities of many organs including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver.

·         An organ in a system prossesing the characteristics of living things the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.